How does the window.history API work?

The short answer

The window.history API lets you manipulate the browser's session history — the list of pages the user has visited in the current tab. You can go back, go forward, and add or replace entries without a page reload. This is the API that React Router and other client-side routers use to handle navigation in SPAs.

Basic navigation

history.back(); // same as clicking the back button
history.forward(); // same as clicking the forward button
history.go(-2); // go back 2 pages
history.go(1); // go forward 1 page

pushState — add a new history entry

history.pushState(
  { page: 'about' }, // state object (any serializable data)
  '', // title (ignored by most browsers)
  '/about' // new URL
);

This does three things:

1. Changes the URL in the address bar to /about
2. Adds a new entry to the history stack
3. Does NOT reload the page or make a network request

The user can now hit the back button to go to the previous URL.

replaceState — replace the current entry

history.replaceState({ page: 'home' }, '', '/home');

Same as pushState, but it replaces the current history entry instead of adding a new one. The user cannot go back to the previous URL because it was replaced.

The popstate event

When the user clicks back or forward, the popstate event fires:

window.addEventListener('popstate', (event) => {
  console.log('Navigation happened');
  console.log(event.state); // the state object from pushState
  // Update the UI based on the new URL
  renderPage(window.location.pathname);
});

This is how SPAs handle browser navigation. When the user clicks back, the SPA listens for popstate, reads the new URL, and renders the appropriate page without a full reload.

How React Router uses it

React Router uses pushState when you navigate and popstate to detect back/forward clicks:

// When you click a Link, React Router calls:
history.pushState(null, '', '/dashboard');
// Then renders the Dashboard component

// When user clicks back, React Router listens for popstate
// and renders the previous route's component

Why interviewers ask this

The History API is the foundation of client-side routing. Interviewers ask about it to see if you understand how SPAs handle navigation. If you have ever wondered how React Router changes the URL without a page reload, this is the answer.